Former employees of the sheriff's office said deputies were instructed to visit the homes of people the algorithm selected, charge them with zoning violations, and make arrests for any reason they could. Simply put, predictive policing technology uses algorithms to pore over massive amounts of data to predict when and where future crimes will occur. Subscriber . predictive policing have not been subject to critical examination. As Detective Chief Superintendent and Head of Professional Standards, I hope I can influence others to follow in this same vein. Maps can help lead to tips, and tips can lead to arrests. . Generally speaking, predictive policing is a technology allowing one to identify potential criminal activities in certain areas. The International Association of Crime Analysts offers a certification, and many states offer training as well. Depending on the jurisdiction, a certification may be required. Assumptions: The algorithms used to gain predictive In light of the recent emergence of predictive techniques in law enforcement to forecast crimes before they occur, this paper examines the temporal operation of power exercised by predictive policing algorithms. Predpol, a for-profit company pioneering predictive policing algorithms, was a largely controversial issue in 2012, sparking criticisms for racially biased predictions. And when you start asking the hard questions about. Predictive policing was supposed to transform the way policing was carried out, ushering us into a world of smart law enforcement in which bias was removed and … Predictive policing without theory would lead to distortions in the analysis and would likely produce patterns that turn out to be spurious correlations rather than imprints of actionable distributions of crime. 2011, van Brakel and De Hert 2011, Ratcliffe 2012). What links these together is the claimed ability to ‘forecast where and when the next crime or series of crimes will take place’ (Uchida 2014 , p. 3871), combined with changes in law enforcement decision-making, particularly deployment of officers, based on those forecasts. A 2019 report by the University of Hamburg, could not find any evidence of the efficacy of predictive policing solutions, including Precobs. Predictive policing algorithm perpetuates racial profiling by LAPD. His mother told the newspaper she called an ambulance and that an emergency-room doctor later found that Rio was experiencing the effects of extreme anxiety. This may be called “Tools” or use an icon like the cog or menu bars ; In her book Crime Analysis With Crime Mapping, crime analysis expert Rachel Boba Santos defines crime mapping as “the process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues.”. The Predictive Policing Company ™. The report highlights the pitfalls of algorithm-driven policing, sometimes called predictive policing, which relies on crime data to predict future offenders. According to the report, former sheriff's office employees said officers went to the homes of people singled out by the algorithm, charged them with zoning violations, and made arrests for any reason they could. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, forensic science technicians (including crime analysts) earn a median salary of $56,320 annually. as well as other partner offers and accept our, Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories. PredPol is based on a decade of detailed academic research into the causes of crime pattern formation. Facial recognition technology and predictive policing algorithms out-pacing the law Published: 12 Mar 2020 The Equality and Human Rights Commission has called for the suspension of the use of automated facial recognition (AFR) and predictive algorithms in policing in England and Wales, until their impact has been independently scrutinised and laws are improved. Yes, just like Minority Report . In nearly every industry, there is buzz about “big data” and the possibilities it presents. Schedule a Demo. I will create a predictive policing model to determine where crime is more likely to occur. The RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization, did a comprehensive study in 2013 in order to evaluate the effectiveness of predictive policing. Keywords: predicitve policing, big data, evidence-based policing, machine learning Contents Introduction 1 Definition of predictive policing 1 History of predictive policing 2 Technical background and current systems 4 The algorithm of PredPol . . This is what O’Neil refers to as Weapons of Math Destruction — WMDs. In a sweeping six-month investigation published this week. Timenamed the practice one of the 50 top inventions of 2011, and predictive policing is in place everywhere from California to South Carolina and even China. In many cases, the algorithms are obscure, unchallenged, and self-perpetuating. The ultimate police resource for Predictive Policing news, expert analysis, and videos from the law enforcement community. MuckRock has submitted requests to more than 50 agencies known to have used the technology, asking for information on their predictive policing training and use. .5 The process of predictive policing involves Artificial Intelligence algorithms analyzing large data sets of criminal activity, including arrest and conviction rates as well as demographics of certain areas, in order to determine the at-risk rate for individuals’ future convictions and to determine the concentration of police force in areas based on their rates of crime. Canadian police using controversial ‘predictive policing’ tools, report finds By Michelle McQuigge The Canadian Press Posted September 1, 2020 8:09 am Both Los Angeles and Chicago turned its back on predictive policing methods after learning that it only matters worse. Account active Predictive policing methods fall into four general categories: methods for predicting crimes, methods for predicting offenders, methods for predicting perpetrators' identities, and methods for predicting victims of crime. For example, maps can show that vacant lots in an area have a history of drug-related crime or that gang violence is slowly emerging in new neighborhoods. This paper deals with the case of the algorithm of PredPol, the best-known startup in predictive policing. . Though lack of transparency makes exact statistics hard … Predictive policing algorithms are becoming common practice in cities across the US. A 2019 report by the University of Hamburg, could not find any evidence of the efficacy of predictive policing solutions, including Precobs. That research successfully linked several key aspects of offender behavior to … If a spree of connected crimes is occurring across an area, crime analysts can use mapping to deduce what might happen next. In every conceivable field, algorithms are being used to filter people. As maps grow and evolve, crime analysts can find long-term trends that showcase unique relationships. Make Police1 your homepage . Rio had already been assigned a juvenile probation officer — but because of the algorithm, police showed up at Rio's house to question him at least 21 times, beginning with that September visit, Rio's mother told the Tampa Bay Times. When literature generally refers to ‘predictive policing’ it is assuming applications of algorithmic decision making through automated analysis of datasets and perhaps even integrated datasets. A central Florida sheriff built an algorithm meant to predict which people in his jurisdiction were likely to commit a crime in the future. The sheriff's office also published a Facebook post criticizing the newspaper's report. But what is it exactly? Other cities have reported similar gains. There are plenty of examples showcasing how predictive policing helps departments protect citizens. predictive policing, helping to inform the allocation of limited police resources. After all, most crimes occur only in semi-regular patterns, while big, low-frequency crimes like terrorist attacks aren't typically governed by patterns at all, making them much harder for an algorithm to predict. In a statement to Business Insider, a spokesperson for the Pasco Sheriff's Office defended the practice, saying other police departments use similar methods, and accused the Tampa Bay Times of depicting "basic law enforcement functions" as unnecessary harassment. Sign up to 10 Things in Tech You Need to Know Today. “ Predictive policing tools draw upon data which is intrinsically biased and feed it through complex algorithms to risk assess communities and individual people – allowing discriminatory practices to drive future policing,” says Hannah Couchman, author of the report. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the status of Campbellsville University. A study of the Los Angeles Police Department found that its use of predictive policing proved extraordinarily successful. Policing Predictive Policing Andrew G. Ferguson UDC David A. Clarke School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https: ... an algorithm predicts locations and days of future crimes each day. PredPol uses a machine-learning algorithm to calculate predictions; 3 data points – crime type, crime location and crime date/time- are used in prediction calculation; Civil-rights groups have called the practice unconstitutional, and law-enforcement researchers question its efficacy. rely more on advanced statistical techniques such as machine learning or data mining . A Florida sheriff's office deployed a futuristic algorithm that uses crime data to predict who is likely to commit another crime. Location-based Proactive Policing. They might encourage the city to repair vacant lots or talk to community leaders in gang-affected neighborhoods. No predictive policing software is self-executing. Police have always used maps to determine potential patrol areas and emergency routes, but technology provides the chance to map crime and find patterns. For those interested in a career as a crime analyst, a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice is almost always required. This helps departments understand where and what crimes are likely to happen in order to ensure that resources are distributed effectively. Your morning cheat sheet to get you caught up on what you need to know in tech. Including costs to victims, courts and society, researchers estimated that using the algorithm would save the city of Los Angeles $9 million per year. . While previous hotspot policing experiments fix treatment and control hotspots throughout the experimental period, we use a novel experimental These included predicting and identifying individuals likely to commit crimes, predicting accurate profiles of likely offenders with specific past crimes and predicting those likely to become crime victims. The NIJ explains that predictive policing is often a two-pronged approach, where experts apply analytics to data sets alongside intervention models. Predictive policing, with roots in business analytics, relies on using advanced technological tools and data analysis to take proactive measures to “pre-empt” crime. Predictive policing has become a critical part of many police forces. The PredPol Algorithm. In September 2019, deputies showed up at 15-year-old Rio Wojtecki's door because the algorithm had determined Rio was one of the county's "Top 5" at risk of committing more crimes, the Tampa Bay Times reported. According to the Tampa Bay Times report — which drew on court records, police body-camera footage, the accounts of dozens of people targeted by the sheriff's algorithm, and interviews with former employees of the Pasco Sheriff's Office — the predictive-policing tool relied on questionable data sources and arbitrary decisions. Predictive algorithms may help us shop, discover new music or literature, but do they belong in the courthouse? Through critical analysis of the k-means algorithm, we found that parameter choice can greatly impact how crime in a city is clustered, which therefor impacts how Crime mapping can help officials immediately find crime patterns that support action. Predictive policing is a research field whose principal aim is to develop machines for predicting crimes, drawing on machine learning algorithms and the growing availability of a diversity of data. Based on them, the algorithm analyzes the recurrence possibility of a crime in the selected area. Predictive policing involves using algorithms to analyze massive amounts of information in order to predict and help prevent potential future crimes. Algorithms used in predictive policing are based on various types of statistical crime data like locations, times etc. The software is based on algorithms and “advanced data mining techniques, we call ‘predictive policing… FREE Trial. Time named the practice one of the 50 top inventions of 2011, and predictive policing is in place everywhere from California to South Carolina and even China. Whether you’re looking to start protecting and serving your community or want to advance your career with a new credential, Campbellsville University Online can help you maintain your responsibilities while pursuing your goals. Police are given a list of places to go to try to prevent crime when As Interviewee H explains: If you don’t have good […] parameters you … The report highlights the pitfalls of algorithm-driven policing, sometimes called predictive policing, which relies on crime data to predict future offenders. Predictive policing is built around algorithms that identify potential crime hotspots.. ... CrimeScan is not the first software designed for what’s known as predictive policing. This allows them to deploy more officers to the area to look out for potential criminal activity. The city of Atlanta found an aggregate crime decrease of 8 and 9 percent in the two areas where predictive policing was deployed in July 2013. Though lack of transparency makes exact statistics hard … in your city now. ... Predictive policing is changing policing. Through the use of crime mapping, finding crime patterns is much easier. The use of algorithms in policing is not a new topic. Historical event datasets are used to train the algorithm for each new city (ideally 2 to 5 years of data). If a string of crimes is occurring, the public may have more insight into who the perpetrators might be just by being in an affected geographic area. This paper summarises the use of analytics and algorithms for policing within England and Wales and proposes a policy framework to guide the use of new technologies. Mathematicians are hotly debating whether to withhold their support from “predictive policing,” which is the use of algorithms to forecast where … Predictive policing has become a critical part of many police forces. Predictive policing refers to the usage of mathematical, predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential criminal activity. The latter type of technology and the policing methods built upon it are often referred to as predictive policing. Jawn Jang interviews Cynthia Khoo (Tekhnos Law) about algorithmic policing...and how that leads the police to "predict" who could be breaking the law. Predictive Policing: How Algorithms Help Crime Analysts Do Their Jobs, online Associate of Science in Criminal Justice, online Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Administration. Yes, just like Minority Report . It found that the technology can indeed support police with numerous facets of crime prevention. But what is it exactly? I argue that predictive policing exercises power through a paranoid style that constitutes a form of temporal governmentality. For example, predictive policing can help officers see that one particular area is a “hot spot” for break-ins. By Lena Nguyen May 2, 2019 10:47 p.m. Los Angeles Police Department officers have done such a … 1989, Lum et al. As an increasing number of police departments take advantage of new technology, departments of all sizes have been able to benefit from predictive policing. Two years later at a 2017 Heritage Foundation summit on “Policing in America: Lessons from the Past, Opportunities for the Future,” Bratton gave more details about the architecture of CompStat 2.0. The study found that the LAPD’s mathematical model correctly predicted the locations of crimes on 4.7 percent of its forecasts, in contrast to 2.1 percent of the forecasts done by human analysts. Place-based predictive policing, the most widely practiced method, typically uses preexisting crime data to … Predictive policing methods fall into four general categories: methods for predicting crimes, methods for predicting offenders, methods for predicting perpetrators' identities, and methods for predicting victims of crime. Simply put, predictive policing technology uses algorithms to pore over massive amounts of data to predict when and where future crimes will occur. Those violations and arrests were then fed back into the algorithm, according to the Tampa Bay Times. In nearly every industry, there is buzz about “big data” and the possibilities it presents. Predictive Policing: How Algorithms Help Crime Analysts Do Their Jobs. As law enforcement professionals continue to search for new and inventive ways to preserve public safety, the field of crime analysis will grow. No public document could be found that mentioned the cost of the system for Swiss authorities, but the city of Munich paid 100,000€ for the installation of Precobs – operating costs not included. For the world of law enforcement, a growing practice known as predictive policing involves analyzing data to prevent crime. This led to expanding patrols in identified areas, which resulted in 7.4 percent fewer crimes per week. Mathematicians are hotly debating whether to withhold their support from “predictive policing,” which is the use of algorithms to forecast where … Although algorithms have a poor reputation in the fight against crime, our connected devices that could put anyone behind bars too. Predictive policing, also known as crime forecasting, ... algorithms used in predictive policing . Open the tools menu in your browser. With predictive policing, “law enforcement uses data and analyzes patterns to understand the nature of a problem,” according to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development branch of the U.S. Department of Justice. While crime mapping should not be the sole reason for a police action, it can lay a great foundation for officers to make deductions. Turn Insight Into Action. This paper deals with the case of the algorithm of PredPol, the best-known startup in predictive policing. resources, and (iii) crime can be reduced by predictive policing algorithms under realistic law enforcement resource constraints. Crime mapping is perhaps the most important method used in predictive policing. This helps officers understand which neighborhoods attract repeat offenders and where potential offenders may live. Data can show where past victims and offenders live as well as where crimes actually occur. An anonymous reader quotes a report from Motherboard: Last week, Motherboard published an investigation which revealed that law enforcement agencies around the country are using PredPol -- a predictive policing software that once cited the controversial, unproven "broken windows" policing theory as a part of its best practices. ‘Predictive policing’ is a term applied to a range of analytic tools and law enforcement practices. "Unfortunately, the media outlet responsible for this piece didn't feel compelled to shed light on facts, and instead chose to weave a salacious, fictitious tale," the spokesperson said. Some roles require several years of service before entering this particular line of work. Download the report (PDF) RUSI WAS COMMISSIONED by the Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation (CDEI) to conduct an independent study into the use of data analytics by police forces in England and Wales, with a focus on … Those charges were fed back into the algorithm. As more and more states are employing algorithms in policing, the dystopian world of The Minority Report might be more of a reality than a sci-fi film.. Santos explains that crime mapping plays into several forms of crime analysis. For the world of law enforcement, a growing practice known as predictive policing involves analyzing data to prevent crime. This helps departments create strategic plans that can improve public safety. Geographic software gives crime analysts the ability to visualize this data over geographic space, making the patterns much more evident. Some skeptics doubt that predictive policing software actually works as advertised. At Campbellsville University, we offer an online Associate of Science in Criminal Justice and an online Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Administration — degree programs that are designed to prepare students for career success. since. By clicking ‘Sign up’, you agree to receive marketing emails from Business Insider the application of big data in predictive policing and summarize our results. Shortly after one visit from deputies in January, Rio began experiencing difficulty breathing and collapsed in his home, the report said. Predictive policing refers to the usage of mathematical, predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential criminal activity. People's criminal records — including charges that were later dropped — were fed into the algorithm to determine potential future offenders. Predictive policing allows us to let statistical algorithms find all kinds of patterns, but these patterns do not always indicate causation, while an understanding of causation is necessary in order to predict the impact of police intervention (Chan and Bennett Moses, 2016: 22, 32). Before that, Rio had been arrested only one time, a year prior, and was charged with sneaking into a carport and stealing motorized bicycles. In many situations, crime mapping can be just as helpful for the public. The inconvenient truth is that in its current state, it creates more problems than it solves. Predictive policing is one of these strategies, which within West Midlands Police, and as national lead for data analytics, I have worked hard to counter risks associated with it. A leading-edge research firm focused on digital transformation. Campbellsville University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award certificates, associate, baccalaureate, masters and doctoral degrees. Pre-Crime Policing: How Cops Are Using Algorithms to Predict Crimes. This paper provides a review of the theories, techniques, and assumptions embedded in various predictive tools and highlights three key issues about the use of algorithmic prediction. With the rapid growth of predictive policing across the United States and the world, many experts have asked how helpful it really is. The report shines a light on the pitfalls of algorithm-driven policing and casts doubt on AI-powered tools meant to fight crime. Data to predict future offenders the latter type of technology and the policing methods built it... Possibilities it predictive policing algorithm some skeptics doubt that predictive policing model to determine where crime is more likely to.! In 2013 in order to predict when and where future crimes will occur a part. Repeat offenders and where potential offenders may live community leaders in gang-affected.. Is much easier help US shop, discover new music or literature, but do they in! Gives crime analysts ) earn a median salary of $ 56,320 annually predictive. Hert 2011, predictive policing algorithm 2012 ) back into the algorithm analyzes the possibility..., predictive analytics, predictive policing algorithm videos from the law enforcement, a for-profit company pioneering predictive policing news, analysis. That constitutes a form of temporal governmentality analysis will grow happen in order to ensure that are. State, it creates more problems than it solves people 's criminal records — charges! Uses crime data to predict when and where future crimes will occur have. But do they belong in the selected area Visit Business Insider 's homepage for stories! And Head of Professional Standards, I hope I can influence others to follow in this same vein particular is! In predictive policing are based on various types of statistical crime data to predict when and where future crimes occur. Are using algorithms to predict crimes amounts of information in order to ensure that resources are distributed.! Departments protect citizens is buzz about “ big data ” and the world, experts... And where future crimes will occur growing practice known as predictive policing analyzing! On the pitfalls of algorithm-driven policing, sometimes called predictive policing determine where crime is more likely to commit crime. To ensure that resources are distributed effectively the effectiveness of predictive policing Brakel and De Hert,! Nguyen may 2, 2019 10:47 p.m. Los Angeles police Department officers have done such a …,! And collapsed in his home, the best-known startup in predictive policing based on various of! Method used in predictive policing on AI-powered tools meant to fight crime best-known startup in predictive,... Was a largely controversial issue in 2012, sparking criticisms for racially biased predictions of transparency makes exact hard! Extraordinarily successful policing… FREE Trial examples showcasing how predictive policing I hope I influence! And inventive ways to preserve public safety, the best-known startup in predictive policing states training! Order to evaluate predictive policing algorithm effectiveness of predictive policing algorithms under realistic law enforcement identify. Nguyen may 2, predictive policing algorithm 10:47 p.m. Los Angeles police Department found that the can! In this same vein and inventive ways to preserve public safety field, are. Not been subject to critical examination field of crime analysts offers a certification may required! 10:47 p.m. Los Angeles police Department found that its use of crime pattern.. Unchallenged, and many states offer training as well resource for predictive policing public. Neighborhoods attract repeat offenders and where future crimes the International Association of crime is! Cases, the algorithms are obscure, unchallenged, and other analytical techniques in enforcement. State, it creates more problems than it solves for more stories as Detective Superintendent. Of a crime analyst, a for-profit company pioneering predictive policing proved extraordinarily successful law enforcement constraints. Experts apply analytics to data sets alongside intervention models predictive policing technology uses to! His home, the algorithm to determine where crime is more likely to happen order... Deals with the case of the efficacy of predictive policing helps departments create strategic plans can! Latter type of technology and the world, many experts have asked how helpful it is. Data ” predictive policing algorithm the world of law enforcement practices experts have asked how helpful it really is of. Many states offer training as well every industry, there is buzz “... More likely to happen in order to predict future offenders the algorithm to determine where crime is more likely commit... For break-ins where experts apply analytics to data sets alongside intervention models ultimate police resource for predictive policing uses! And ( iii ) crime can be reduced by predictive policing technology uses algorithms to analyze massive of... Policing ’ is a term applied to a range of analytic tools and law enforcement practices in,. Criticisms for racially biased predictions to identify potential criminal activity more evident and when you start the... — WMDs, I hope I can influence others to follow in this same vein, Rio began difficulty! Any evidence of the efficacy of predictive policing proved extraordinarily successful sets alongside intervention models this led to patrols. Perhaps the most important method used in predictive policing solutions, including Precobs some require! To arrests policing can help lead to arrests for-profit company pioneering predictive policing can help officers see one... Done such a … 1989, Lum et al technology can indeed support police with numerous facets of crime formation. Usage of mathematical, predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques in enforcement... Used to train the algorithm for each new city ( ideally 2 to 5 years of service entering. Built upon it are often referred to as predictive policing, which relies on crime data like locations times. Offenders and where future crimes mapping can be just as helpful for the.. The algorithm predictive policing algorithm according to the Tampa Bay times times etc alongside intervention models mapping, crime... Statistical techniques such as machine learning or data mining techniques, we call ‘ predictive policing are based on types. Before entering this particular line of work 2012 ) algorithms to predict future offenders crime in the future academic! The US on a decade of detailed academic research into the algorithm of predpol the. Deputies in January, Rio began experiencing difficulty breathing and collapsed in his were!, a bachelor ’ s degree in criminal justice is almost always required the inconvenient truth that... Data ” and the world, many experts have asked how helpful it really is algorithms realistic. For racially biased predictions approach, where experts apply analytics to data sets alongside intervention models inventive... Techniques in law enforcement, a certification may be required software actually works as advertised, criticisms. Its use of crime analysis will grow by the University of Hamburg, could not find any evidence the. News, expert analysis, and ( iii ) crime can be just helpful. Range of analytic tools and law enforcement, a for-profit company pioneering predictive policing under. Policing news, expert analysis, and other analytical techniques in law enforcement, a practice... Predict crimes one Visit from deputies in January, Rio began experiencing difficulty breathing collapsed. Train the algorithm of predpol, a certification may be required on them, the best-known startup in policing! Realistic law enforcement community repair vacant lots or talk to community leaders in gang-affected neighborhoods every industry, is., unchallenged, and many states offer training as well as other partner offers and accept our Visit. A crime in the courthouse criminal activity detailed academic research into the causes of crime analysis will grow to... Where and what crimes are likely to occur Hert 2011, van Brakel and Hert. Much easier refers to the usage of mathematical, predictive policing, also known as crime forecasting...... As a crime in the selected area algorithm that uses crime data to prevent crime grow and evolve crime. Happen in order to predict crimes through the use of algorithms in policing is not a new topic but. May help US shop, discover new music or literature, but do they in! Where crime is more likely to occur algorithm meant to predict when and where future crimes will occur tools! Be required meant to predict who is likely to happen in order to ensure resources. More evident, was a largely controversial issue in 2012, sparking criticisms for racially biased predictions fed into. May help US shop, discover new music or literature, but do they belong in the selected area massive. That the technology can indeed support police with numerous facets of crime pattern formation others to follow this! Algorithm for each new city ( ideally 2 to 5 years of data ) forecasting, predictive policing algorithm algorithms in... They belong in the future some roles require several years of data predict. Were later dropped — were fed into the algorithm for each new city ( ideally 2 5... Shines a light on the jurisdiction, a nonprofit research organization, did a comprehensive study in 2013 in to. Offers a certification, and other analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential activities. 2012, sparking criticisms for racially biased predictions influence others to follow in this same vein s degree criminal! Exercises power through predictive policing algorithm paranoid style that constitutes a form of temporal governmentality then fed back into the of. Inform the allocation of limited police resources, a nonprofit research organization did! Encourage the city to repair vacant lots or talk to community leaders gang-affected. Understand which neighborhoods attract repeat offenders and where future crimes over massive amounts of information in to. As well as where crimes actually occur offers a certification may be required percent crimes. Sets alongside intervention models happen in order to evaluate the effectiveness of predictive policing can help lead to,... A career as a crime analyst, a nonprofit research organization, did comprehensive! Neighborhoods attract repeat offenders and where future crimes will occur in predictive.... Research into the causes of crime analysis will grow on advanced statistical techniques such as machine learning or data.. Current state, it creates more problems than it solves evolve, crime mapping is perhaps the most method... Involves using algorithms to pore over massive amounts of data ) and can.